Business Decision Making Analysis - Assignment Highlights

Question: Talk about the Business Decision Making Analysis. Answer: Presentation Business choice examination for the particular task features the devices and procedures that can be utilized for considering the authoritative plan and structure of Reliance Telecommunications Limited dependent on the partner intrigue. In addition, to assess the social and condition costs while assessing various choices association has taken in operational viewpoint whether in India or Global. All things considered, the exploration approach represents a structure for inquire about that should be embraced in meeting the theory just as the dynamic traits of Reliance Telecommunications Limited. Research Methodology In past task, we managed issue of business explanation nadidentification, determination and investigation of the examination strategies that could be ideally be worthwhile for the gathering and preparing of the information from the partners. Be that as it may, the exploration approach will additionally break down the dynamic framework through the plan of theory while doing various tests in the examination procedure. Research Tool The examination onion is a method that is perceives on the various sheets of the investigation system, which can be surveyed over the exercises of the investigation. By and by, it diagrams a structure for the investigation recommendation grasped to propel data as for the investigation question (DePoyGitlin, 2015). Along these lines, the best possible examination is browsed the layers in the exploration assessment to help in considering the association plan and structure of Reliance Telecommunications Limited. In any case, particular layers have been discussed under different heads choosing positive technique that can go about as a course of action of development in the legitimate direct kind of investigation overseeing in different settings. Figure 1: Research Onion Source:(Johnston, 2014) Research Paradigm The exploration onion is a gadget that perceives the assorted sheets of the examination system, which can be evaluated over the exercises of the appraisal. By the by, it diagrams a structure for the worldview grasps to answer the speculation just as training attempted in the association. In this way, the best possible investigation is browsed the layers of the examination onion to help with propelling investigation with various apparatus utilized in the worldview (ZhouNunes, 2015). Be that as it may, two sorts of research worldview are considered. One is philosophy in which is thinking dependent on genuine realities lined up with the conduct of the individuals. In any case, the other research is epistemology in which the realities are considered with the information and data subsidiary with those realities (Goertz Mahoney, 2012). Regardless, unmistakable layers have been discussed under different heads choosing clear technique that can go about as a course of action of development in the definitive direct kind of investigation overseeing in different settings. Support for Epistemology Paradigm The epistemology investigate worldview has been embraced to contemplate the realities that are as of now common in the reports of Reliance Telecommunications Limited and utilize a similar arrangement of thoughts to test utilizing the partner premium. In any case, the investigation embraced applies to the association structure and plan of Reliance Telecommunications Limited dependent on the target idea of the exploration. Research Philosophy The primary sheet of research onion comprises to consider the physical positions and what's more philosophes with a vigilant gaze to characterize the structure and bearing of the examination. Regardless, the decisions of research ways of thinking are dominating on the separating the data and information. There are six philosophical speculations that are directed in the investigation. They are objectivism, practicality, constructivism, interpretivism,positivism and authenticity (Gray, 2013). If, objectivism deals with the law that impacts a get-together of individuals such, that social factors contrast from social wonder. Although,constructivism is converse to objectivism where social factors are free of social marvel. The amalgamation of the two is known aspragmatismwhereas authenticity approach deals with the social reality that perceives two social substances from one another with the ultimate objective that they are self-sufficient from one another (Bunge, 2012). On the other hand, positivism just as authenticity are very comparable in light of the fact that hypothesisneeds to be produced and utilizing that makes a gathering of investigation which will being out substantial just as dependable outcomes. In conclusion, interpretivism is a subjective procedure as it incorporates back ing of people dissecting the important thoughts the individuals with respect to the exploration (Goldkuhl, 2012). Avocation for Positivism Philosophy The positivism reasoning has been taken on the grounds that the examination of the different choices can't be founded on the emotional information since target information will help in assessing the physicalenvironment and the manner in which it has added to the interior and outside structure and plan of Reliance Telecommunication Limited whether through partner intrigue or the business choices. Research Approach The second sheet of research onion establishes to consider undertaking a choice dependent on the objectives that the exploration has set to assess. In any case, the exploration approach can be explainedbased on two methodologies one is deductive and the other is inductive. Deductive includes setting a level to meet the exploration utilizing research speculation though inductive methodology devises the clarification of the hypothesis utilizing examination to enslave a hypothesis dependent on investigate questions (Hitchcock, 2012). Legitimization for Deductive Approach The deductive methodology selects to be reasonable for the exploration, as it will be founded on assessing the speculation testing and the manner in which the examination had been attempted in shaping offices, different controls, legitimate nature that has helped in embraced different business choices over the long haul. Research Design The exploration configuration is the second sheet of the examination onion wherein three types of plans are mapped in the examination. They are exploratory, clear and causal research. The exploratory plan is finding thoughts and bits of knowledge utilizing the current information on the examination. This exploration is adaptable yet is viewed as the front finish of all out research plan. Then again, the enlightening designcan be founded on the attributes just as elements of the examination. Despite the fact that, this structure is for huge example yet is dissected quantitatively utilized overviews and perception of other information. The third plan is causal structure in nature as it helps in deciding the analyses that can helps in control of at least one free factors (Younus, 2014). Support for Descriptive Design The expressive structure is considered in light of the fact that the business choice examination should be assessed utilizing business choices embraced in detailing vertical arrangement and being activity to clients through media transmission administration. In spite of the fact that, the plan of systematic apparatus taken will be quantitative however new bits of knowledge can likewise be drawn for dreary procedure of enhancing structure that could be worthy in the market (Brandimarte, 2012). Logical Tools/Strategies The logical apparatuses in the business choice are the backbone of the examination that the associations embraced in understanding the work process forms worker productivity just as budgetary administration (Camm, et al., 2015). Notwithstanding, the apparatuses that go to be critical in the examination are reenactment, choice tree, pattern graph, money related projections just as benchmarking. The apparatuses are performed by the associations to portray the presentation of the association in comparative with its rivals and the various open doors that are introduced before the association. In the event that choice tree on one hand is utilized to decide the potential results then reenactment, then again, records the attributes of the theoretical framework just as physical procedure. Pattern outlines is to show information after some time and money related projection is to portray how quick speculations can be acquire as benefit (Bordawekar, BlaineyPuri, 2015). Support for Decision Tree The support for picking choice tree as an instrument is on the grounds that it helps in applying the essential results whether results, utility or asset costs. In addition, to break down the tasks of any association whether local or worldwide, it is imperative to delineate the perspective of the association. Be that as it may, for this situation, we will examine the various tasks attempted in to consider the development of association structure and plan of Reliance Telecommunications Limited. Figure 2: Decision Analysis Tree Source:(RokachMaimon, 2014) Research Methods The examination onion has fourth sheet as research strategy which delineates that whether the exploration attempted will be subjective, quantitative or blended research. This sheet consolidates the model to feature the genuine arrangement in social affair data. Subjective investigation relies upon singular records, emotions and portrayals while quantitativestudy relies upon the records and is concerned with estimations and sum (Anderson, et al., 2012). In any case, blended is a mixed technique takes both emotional and quantitative investigation in thought. Avocation for Quantitative Method The quantitative technique in this examination is taken for two purposes initially is that the business choice tree is quantitative in nature and will help in exploring on the activity choices in the exploration. Also, the exploration should be assessed to examine whether the choices taken had been productive in development of hierarchical structure and plan or not founded on the partner intrigue. The partner will be assessed dependent on the overview poll utilizing distinctive contextual analyses dependent on the choices or could

Accounting for Business Combination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Representing Business Combination - Essay Example The acquirer picks up order over the advantages and the related liabilities. It is deserving of expressing that when trade in business happens, it very well may be named as business blend. It is noteworthy for all the business mixes to be represented using the buy procedure of bookkeeping. Control can be picked up by buying the benefits themselves or by methods for buying power over the partnership having the advantages (Grant Thornton, 2011). The principle target of the paper is to examine about representing business blend, to distinguish the present issues and along these lines to basically break down them. The paper will try to talk about various principles that can be relevant in settling the issues identified with representing business blend. Business Combinations One of the primary objectives of the business association is to accomplish development. It is frequently expressed by the top administrations that development or extension is the significant objective of the business a ssociation. An organization may grow consistently by mounting its scope of items. Some of the organizations have achieved their goal of development by method of business mixes. The representing business blends is basically controlled with the assistance to four standards, for example, IFRS3, IAS 27, IAS 36 just as IAS 38.The factor worth considering is that a business mix might be either amicable or should be hostile. At the point when neighborly blend happens, it is the obligation of the sheets of executives of both the consolidating organizations to deal upon collectively fulfilling terms identified with arranged mixes. After that the investors of the consolidating organizations need to support the proposition. Then again, a hostile blend happens when the governing body of the organization contradict the mix. In such cases, for the most part by method of delicate offer the procuring organization is fit for cooperating with the individual investors (Qfinance, 2012). Favorable circu mstances and Disadvantages of Business Combination There are various routes through which the organizations may extend. A couple of the organizations should extend inside while others may decide to grow remotely. An association may decide to grow inside by including themselves in innovative work. If there should arise an occurrence of outside development, the organizations endeavor to extend through gaining at least one organizations. Alongside snappy development, there are various advantages of outer extension or business mix strategy in contrast with inner extension (Deloitte, 2012). At the point when the blend is vertical or flat, such mix with a current organization will in general present the administration of the getting organization with a specialty unit which is built up having encountered work force, profitable offices, ordinary providers just as circulation channels. Besides, such business mixes help organizations to contend in a successful manner in the worldwide market. The vast majority of the occasions, it is evident that the organizations go for business mixes so as to take advantage of the personal expense laws. By methods for recording a solidified expense form, the gainful corporations’ charge risk may be limited in light of the misfortunes of unbeneficial members. Broadening happening from such mixes furnishes the joining organizations with various advantages, for example, more noteworthy adaptability, an interior capital market, ascend in the obligation limit of the organization, more prominent shield from the adversaries over restrictive data, and now and again ability to utilize the hierarchical assets (PwC, 2012). Regardless of its countless advantages, business combinat

Presented With A Change, People Are Already Catching On To Persuasive Essay Topics On Cyber Bullying

Presented With A Change, People Are Already Catching On To Persuasive Essay Topics On Cyber BullyingCyber bullying can be just as traumatic as physical or verbal bullying but most people would like to think that they are the only victims of such attacks. However, as stated in the title of this article, persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying can make a difference.The Internet is a very large marketplace of different methods and techniques that are all considered 'the best'. Some will just consider it a mere shortcut to get to their heart's desire, while others are aware of the immense potentials of the internet. Now, what is really needed is for someone to take the time to do some research and put in a little effort before investing in these resources.One might think that there are no online communities where one can take advantage of the great information available on the internet. While there are those forums out there that are mainly concerned with legal matters, these usually w ill not be able to offer a whole lot of help. There is also the case where someone asks to contribute something about a certain topic. Most people would find this difficult to cope with because of the restrictions that one would have to put on his or her time.All this is what is commonly known as persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying. These will be helpful when someone is writing his or her own essay because he or she will not need to stress himself about how much the subject matter has already been covered in other articles. Since the written word is not something that anyone wants to put in their body, it would be best if there was a way to cover up the 'myths' or theories related to the subject matter.The web is full of a wealth of persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying. To make sure that the material that you are about to put up there is going to stand up to scrutiny, you need to do your homework first. Some of the things that you need to look out for include the followin g:Since you are probably tired of arguing whether this is true or not, you need to use the persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying when it comes to trying to come up with an effective rebuttal to a certain argument. You need to use this as a way to get people to start thinking about the subject matter. This will become a defense mechanism that can protect you from attacks that could possibly come at you.Those persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying are by no means a thing of the past. They can now be used more effectively than ever before. If you take the time to learn and apply the information that you are going to use, you will be able to craft an effective response to whatever your opponents may dish out at you.

Biography of Elena Kagan

Elena Kagan is one of nine  U.S. Supreme Court justices,  and only the fourth woman to hold a position on the nations highest court since its first session in 1790. She was nominated to the court in 2010 by then-President Barack Obama, who described her as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"one of the nation’s foremost legal minds.† The U.S. Senate confirmed her nomination later that year, making her the 112th justice to serve on the Supreme Court. Kagan replaced Justice John Paul Stevens, who had retired after 35 years on the court. Education Hunter College High School  in Manhattan, New York, class of 1977.Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey; she earned  a bachelors degree in history in 1981.Worcester College in Oxford, England; she earned a  master’s degree in philosophy in 1983.Harvard University Law School; she earned a law degree in 1986. Career in Academia, Politics and Law Before she took a seat on the Supreme Court, Kagan worked as a professor, an attorney in private practice and as solicitor general of the United States. She was the first woman to supervise the office that handles litigation for the federal government before the Supreme Court.   Here are Kagans career highlights 1986 to 1987: Law clerk for  Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Washington, D.C., Circuit.1988: Law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice  Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American to serve on the court.1989 to 1991: Associate attorney in the powerful Washington, D.C., law firm of Williams Connolly, which was co-founded by  Edward Bennett Williams, the legendary trial lawyer who represented the likes of John Hinckley Jr., Frank Sinatra, Hugh Hefner, Jimmy Hoffa and Joseph McCarthy.1991 to 1995: Assistant professor of law, then tenured professor of law, at the  University of Chicago  Law School.1995 to 1996: Associate counsel to President Bill Clinton.1997 to 1999: Deputy assistant to the president for domestic policy, and deputy director of the Domestic Policy Council under Clinton.1999 to 2001: Visiting professor of law at Harvard Law School.2001: Professor of law at  Harvard Law School, teaching  administrative law, constitutional law, civil pro cedure, and separation of powers theory.2003 to 2009:  Dean of the Harvard Law School. 2009 to 2010: Solicitor general under President Barack Obama.2010 to current: Associated justice of the Supreme Court. Controversies Kagans tenure on the Supreme Court has been relatively free of controversy. Yes, even Supreme Court justice invite scrutiny; ask Justice Clarence Thomas, whose absolute silence during almost seven years of oral arguments baffled court observers, legal scholars and journalists. Justice Samuel Alito, one of the most conservative voices on the court,  has openly criticized his fellow members, particularly following the courts  landmark decision on same-sex marriage. And the late Justice Antonin Scalia, who was famous for his unrestrained opinions, once said homosexuality should be a crime. The biggest dustup surrounding Kagan was a request for her to recuse herself from consideration of a challenge to Obamas health care law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare for short. Kagans office of solicitor general under Obama had been on record as supporting the act in a legal proceeding. A group called Freedom Watch challenged Kagans judicial independence. The court declined to entertain the allegation. Kagans liberal personal beliefs and style of writing also came back to haunt her during her confirmation hearings. Conservative Republicans accused her of being unable to set aside her biases. In her memos to Justice Marshall as well as her work for Clinton, Kagan consistently wrote from her own perspective, prefacing her advice with I think and I believe and distinguishing her opinions from other members of Clintons White House team or from the presidents own opinions, said  Carrie Severino of the Conservative Judicial Crisis Network. Alabama Sen.  Jeff Sessions, a conservative Republican who would later serve in Donald Trumps administration, said: A troubling pattern has already emerged in Ms. Kagans record. Throughout her career, she has demonstrated a willingness to make legal decisions based not on the law but instead on her very liberal politics. As dean of the Harvard Law School, Kagan drew fire for her objection to having  military recruiters on campus because she believed the federal government policy that banned  openly gay individuals from serving in the military violated the universitys  anti-discrimination policy. Personal Life Kagan was born and raised in New York City; her mother was a school teacher and her father was an attorney. She is unmarried and has no children. 5 Important Quotes   Kagan has not granted interviews with the news media, so court observers are left to scour her opinions, briefs and testimony during her confirmation hearings. Here are some select quotes on key issues. Sometimes you read these opinions and you think they must hate each other. Its just not true.  We have enormous respect for each other and a feeling that we are all operating in good faith. ... If you take this stuff personally, this is going to be a long life tenure. - Kagan speaking about the collegiality among the justices and the court, which she described as in some ways, the most intimate, warmest institution Ive participated in.â€Å"If you confirm me, you’ll be getting Justice Kagan. You won’t get Justice Marshall.† - Kagan defending herself against claims from Republican U.S. senators that she was a legal progressive, or judicial activist, during her confirmation hearings.The Supreme Court, of course, has the responsibility of ensuring that our government never oversteps its proper bounds or violates the rights of individuals. But the Court must also recognize the limits on itself and respect the choices made by the American people. - Kagan, explaining her philosophy of judicial restraint.All I can say about that paper is that it is dangerous to write papers about the law before youve spent a day in law school. I wrote that paper before I spent a day in law school. I was trying to think about whether to go to law school and I decided to write a paper about law in order to figure out whether I was interested in the subject... So I would just ask you to recognize that I didnt know a whole lot of law. - Kagan telling lawmakers to ignore a paper she wrote about justice who mold and steer the law.It means  Id have to get my hair done more often, Sen. Specter. Kagan replying to U.S. Sen. Arlen Specters question about allowing television cameras in U.S. Supreme Court arguments..

Faith And The American Of The Philippines - 1096 Words

Faith Daniel is a forty-six-year-old denizen of Montgomery, Texas of Chinese descent. Even though Faith was born in the Philippines, she is profoundly influenced by her Chinese ancestry. Her ancestors moved from China to the Philippines due to a World War. She has three sisters. Faith is a certified teacher with teaching experience in the private school sector. Impressively, she can verbalize English, Mandarin, French, and dactylology. The Chinese culture places more value on male children because they carry on the family name. Therefore, when Faith s mother was pregnant with her fourth female child she was offered to trade her baby for a cousin s male child. Faith s parents refused to trade causing a significant disgrace to the family.†¦show more content†¦For instance, their house had to be thoroughly cleaned. Trash was not allowed in the house this day in fear that the family would have trash in their life all year long. Traditionally, new red clothing was laid out for ea ch person and had to be worn. Red envelopes placed under pillows contained an even amount of money. A feast prepared on New Year s Eve was available on New Year s Day. However, cooking was not allowed on the first day of the new year. Fu, the red Chinese symbol of luck, was placed upside down in their doorway to allow luck to flow into their home. Faith is able to identify various prejudices in her culture. In the Philippines, the Chinese people looked down on the Filipinos. The Filipino people were not very accepting of the Chinese because they considered them to be much smarter than they were. Her grandfather had paramount influence in the family s affairs. Faith recalls being taught that you must always marry into the same status. Her greatest fear is disrespecting her parents. Faith s father chose which college his daughters would attend and even selected their major area of study. If they did not follow his wishes, that would be a tremendous disgrace to the family. Faith s grea test success is her children. She is extremely proud that she has been able to pass down her Chinese heritage to them. Furthermore, she attributes her successes and accomplishments to her mother s lofty

Corporate Governance Australian Securities and Investment Commission

Question: Discuss about the case study Corporate Governance for Australian Securities and Investment Commission. Answer: Introduction: In the context of Australia, Public companies are commonly enlisted to the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). As mentioned by Gibson and Brown (2012), these enlisted companies are the subject of broad and strict directives and they are subjected under the regulations of Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC). However, in most of the recent cases it has been found that the CEOs or other managerial authorities are not satisfying the legal or ethical cravings of the organization. Here, the cases of Enron, HIH, One.Tel Ltd and many other companies can be discussed. In most of the cases, the CEOs have found guilty of ethical behaviour and lack of control of the Board of directors over them has led the companies to corporate failures. In the cases like Harris Scarfe Ltd. it has been found that the CEO was incapable and indecisive to work in favor of the company. On the other hand, in case of Parmalat, fraudulent account handling has criminalized the management. In such a cont ext, these public listed companies need to focus on the corporate governance and compliance to the ASIC norms. Purpose: From the above discussion, it can be said that the corporations need to focus on creating a better ethical and responsible environment within the company. Hence, it is needed for them to delineate the authorities between the BOD and the CEO. Moreover, to uphold good corporate governance the corporations need to take some strategic steps. Discussion: As discussed by Tricker (2015), aboard of directorscan be identified as body of nominated or selected members who in cooperation supervise or administer the activities of an organization or a profit making company. On the other hand, a CEO can be identified as the chairperson of the board. As discussed by McCahery et al. (2016), CEO is the highest executive liable for the maneuver and administration of a company. The prescribed role and responsibilities of the Board of directors: Foundation of the vision, mission and values of the company: As discussed by Erkens et al. (2016), the members of the board of directors should determine the companys vision and mission. As they are the supervisors of the management and operation of the company, they need to set the path for the members of the organization. As opined by Solomon (2014), the board of directors needs to have a better control over the corporate entities in the context of corporate failures. Hence, it is needed for the directors to determine and ingrain the values of the company among the members. The corporations are accountable to the stakeholders, hence, it is the responsibility of the board of directors to review the company goals and determine the company policies (Dean et al. 2014). According to the Legitimacy theory, the companies need to ensure that they are operating within the standards of existing society (Rezaee and Kedia 2012). Hence, the directors need to focus on laying down the values and vision of the company according to the societal norms. It is important to include non-executive directors to the board. As he/she is not liable to the management, he/she can be more independent regarding their decision and choices. The number of them must be significant. It will make the board more independent from the management. Recruit, supervise, retain, and evaluate: As opined by Christensen et al. (2015), Recruiting, supervising, retaining, evaluating and compensating the CEO or general manager are probably the most important functions of the board of directors. Within the framework of corporate governance, it is important to hire the right persons for the posts like CEO, CFO, President and many more. As discussed by Solomon (2014), in most of the cases, corporate failure has usually been attributed to behavioral factors such as exuberance, greediness and hubris in economic boom and consequences in taking of excessive risk by companies. Hence, it is important for the Board of Directors to identify the right persons and recruit them. Setting of strategy and structure of the company: As discussed by Hamilton and Micklethwait (2016), it is important for the directors to evaluate the opportunities and threats to the business operation and outline the pragmatic strategies. The directors need to prevent insolvent trading. They need to be informed of the financial status of the company. They have a statutory power to restrict insolvent trading and they are personally liable to the debts during insolvency. According to the Australian Accounting Standards (AASB), the directors are also liable to prepare the financial reports (Gibson and Brown 2012). Delegate to management: The board needs to allocate the roles; monitor, and evaluate the implementation of the strategies. They need to exercise effective internal control. In performing this task, the board needs to communicate with the senior management. Accountability to the shareholders: The board needs to ensure a proper communication and information channel back and forth with the shareholders. They need to take account of the interest of the shareholders. The board must maintain a good will with the shareholders (Anderson 2014). Other roles: The board needs to align, compensate and monitor the key executives and the board members in with the company shareholders. They need to ensure transparent and formal board nomination and election procedure. The board needs to look after the disclosure and communication procedure (Dean et al. 2014). In this context, the distinct roles of each member can be identified as following: The independent directors: They will be consulted for the issues placed before the board mainly the financial issues of the corporation. The CEO: He will be accountable for the management issues. The CFO: He will be in charge of the financial management. An executive director: He will be in charge of the risk management committee. Other members will also be there in the board. A non-executive director: He will be in charge of the audit committee. Other members should be non executive too. An executive director: He will be the charge of the appointment committee. The CEO also can be a part of the committee. On the other hand, the responsibilities of a CEO can be designated as bellow: Financial, Tax, Risk and Facilities Management: To be particular, a CEO needs to lay down the budget of the company for the boards approval. He needs to manage financial issues in accordance to the company laws and governmental regulations. Community Relations and HRM: It is one of the major duties of the CEO to present the company mission and vision in a positive manner to the society. He must be a personality who is capable enough to deliver his jobs and make his employees deliver their tasks. As mentioned by Solomon (2014), the CEO needs to promote the corporate culture that upholds ethical observance, support individual uprightness, and fulfils societal and ecological responsibility. Board Administration and Support: It is also important for the CEOs to maintain operations and management of the Board by providing recommendations and informing the members the organizational data and facts. He is also responsible for implementing the strategies developed by the board. He needs to prepare and administer the realization of key corporate policies (McCahery et al. 2012). The service: The CEO needs to investigate the design, promotion, delivery and quality products and services of the company. The CEO needs to ensure that the concerned managers are rightly administering the routine business dealings of the company and risk management can be performed when needed (Christensen et al. 2015). A number of cases can be cited as examples of corporate failures due to the lack of valuing good corporate governance in the investment decision-making models of the companies. Research and findings: If a review on the case of the American energy production company Enron can be done, the importance of good governance can be noticed vividly. The collapse of the company was a result violation of number corporate principles. As mentioned by Soltani (2014), the existence of off-balance sheet liabilities hidden in Special Purpose Entities (SPE) was used to move financing off-balance sheet and avoid consolidation of the SPE. Moreover, Enron boosted its reported income from allegedly laissez-faire transactions. The SPE also allowed the company to increase its reported cash flow. On the other hand, the key personalities of the company found guilty of ethical degradation. As mentioned by Smith (2015), the Chairman Ken Lay, CEO Jeffrey Skilling and CFO Andrew Fastow were found guilty of fraud. The CEO ware found following the senior executives blindly and avoided any review of the company proceedings. In addition, the company was following poor internal controls that led to accounting malpractices. The auditor Arthur Andersen was also ineffective and criminal and fraudulent proceedings led to the companys collapse (Lessambo 2014). On the other hand, in the case of One.Tel Ltd. in Australia, an excessive risk taking, poor costing, credit administration, and dominant management led the company to corporate failure (Anderson 2014). Whereas, in the case of Harris Scarfe Ltd. the issue was with the bad administration and fraudulent account handling and exposure irregularities for more than six years (Smith 2015). In addition, in the case of HIH, the company was led to failure due to deception by directly manipulating the accounting records, failed management, and ignorance of the shareholders rights. As discussed by Hamilton and Micklethwait (2016), the same thing happened in the case of Parmalat in 2003. The company tasted failure due to absence of power and autonomy of the non-executive directors, over dominating management, poor accounting and lack of internal control. As mentioned by Anderson (2014), the company was also a victim of insider trading and undisclosed related party transactions of senior corporate officers. However, if a review on the success stories can be done, it can be noticed that following a good corporate governance practice has helped the companies to obtain a better investment return as well as public acceptance. In the case of theCoca-ColaCompany, strengthening the board and management accountability, establishing Corporate Governance Guidelines, regular reviews of the corporate culture, establishing charters for all the board committees helped the company to develop good corporate governance (McCahery et al. 23016). Establishment of Codes of Business Conduct, disseminating the information regarding the method of reporting apprehensions about the organization and its public policy, helped the company to attain a huge rage of investor return, public trust and company eminence. However, from the above stated discussion it can be said that the companies need to follow some strategies to uplift their good corporate governance practices and increase their rate of investor return. Recommendations: The companies need to build a strong and competent BOD: As opined by Solomon (2014), it is important for the companies to uphold a strategy of electing the board members by the shareowners. Thus, it will ensure the maintenance of the interest of the shareholders and the long-term health and overall success of the business and its financial strength. The board should be comprised of the members, who are competent, decisive and possess strong ethics and integrity, diverse backgrounds and skill sets. As discussed by Rezaee and Kedia (2012), the majority of the directors must be independent. It will ensure unbiased judgment. Moreover, it is also important to educate the directors and make them familiar with the business, respective roles and the boards expectations. A regular review of the board mandates and assessment of the directors performance is also needed. As opined by Balkaran (2013), the corporations must develop an engaged Board where directors ask questions and challenge management and don't just "rubber-stamp" management's recommendations. Distinct roles of the management and executives: Clearly written mandates for each executive and typical committee (audit, compensation and others) need to be maintained. As described by Kandukuri et al. (2015), role descriptions for the board members, the CEO and executives should be preserved. Integrity and ethical dealing: It can be identified as one of the major principles of good corporate governance. As opined by Denis (2016), the corporations need to implement a conflict of interest policy and a code of business conduct. A structured procedure to report and treat disobedience, and a Whistleblower policy should also be maintained. Moreover, the management needs to ensure that the directors would abstain from voting over the issues in which they have an interest. Evaluation: The board has to ensure that the fees will attract the suitable candidates but it will not limit the director's autonomy or fulfillment of his job roles. Establishing a performance target for the executives including the CEO and evaluating it and tie compensation to performance is also needed. Risk management: The corporations must look into the issues of risks potential to be faced. These can be financial, reputational, industry-related, operational, environmental or legal. As discussed by Tricker (2015), lack of independence leads to risk taking behavior. The board need to establish strategic leadership for the organizations risk tolerance. A clear framework for managing risks needed to be found and evaluated regularly. Moreover, as opined by Solomon (2014), the BOD should challenge management's assumptions and the adequacy of the company's risk management processes and procedures. Conclusion: Hence, it can be concluded that to ensure a better performance, the corporations need to focus on their management and operation pattern. The shareholders can be identified as the foundations of a public listed corporation. Hence, as discussed by various theories, it is important to follow a good corporate governance to earn their trust and uphold their interest. In the recent decades, a number of companies have faced disastrous corporate failures by disregarding the principles of corporate governance. Hence, the public listed corporations must concentrate to this and take the appropriate actions. References: Anderson, H., 2014. Pressing the right buttons: Australian case studies in the protection of employee entitlements against corporate insolvency.International Labour Review,153(1), pp.117-142. Balkaran, L., 2013. Auditing the Corporate Governance Effort in an Organization.EDPACS,48(4), pp.12-18. Christensen, J., Kent, P., Routledge, J. and Stewart, J., 2015. Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?.Accounting Finance,55(1), pp.133-164. Dean, G., Clarke, F. and Egan, M., 2014. Corporate capers, accounting and governance reform.Governance Directions,66(9), p.541. Denis, D.K., 2016. Corporate Governance and the Goal of the Firm: In Defense of Shareholder Wealth Maximization.Forthcoming in the Financial Review. Erkens, D.H., Hung, M. and Matos, P., 2012. Corporate governance in the 20072008 financial crisis: Evidence from financial institutions worldwide.Journal of Corporate Finance,18(2), pp.389-411. Gibson, B. and Brown, D., 2012. ASIC'S expectations of directors.UNSWLJ,35, p.254. Hamilton, S. and Micklethwait, A., 2016.Greed and corporate failure: The lessons from recent disasters. Springer. Kandukuri, R.L., Memdani, L. and Babu, P.R., 2015. Effect of Corporate Governance on Firm PerformanceA Study of Selected Indian Listed Companies.Overlaps of Private Sector with Public Sector around the Globe (Research in Finance, Volume 31) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,31, pp.47-64. Lessambo, F.I., 2014. Corporate Governance, Accounting and Auditing Scandals. InThe International Corporate Governance System(pp. 244-263). Palgrave Macmillan UK. McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.The Journal of Finance. Rezaee, Z. and Kedia, B.L., 2012. Role of corporate governance participants in preventing and detecting financial statement fraud.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,4(2), pp.176-205. Smith, H., 2015. Australia's Company Law Watchdog: ASIC and Corporate Regulation. Solomon, J., 2014. Corporate Governance and Accountability. 4th Edition, Wiley, USA. Soltani, B., 2014. The anatomy of corporate fraud: A comparative analysis of high profile American and European corporate scandals.Journal of Business Ethics,120(2), pp.251-274. Tricker, B., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.

Lady Macbeth Essays (1659 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Lady Macbeth ?Lady Macbeth is a powerful and dramatic character, but her death at the end of the play is no surprise to the audience.? Discuss this statement with close reference to the text. ?Macbeth? is one of the most famous tragedies written in the Elizabethan times by William Shakespeare for King James 1. Set in Scotland, it details the story of man, so desperate for the status of king, that he will do anything to achieve it. As an established ?good and hardy soldier', and quite content within that role, Macbeth is surprised to find some witches who predict his reign as king. ?All hail Macbeth! who shalt be king hereafter.' (Act 1 scene 3) On informing his wife, Lady Macbeth, he soon embarks on a killing spree that doesn't end until both partners' demise. However, Macbeth could not have committed the first few crimes without the help and insistence of his wife. She acts as the fate the witches spoke of to make him king and yet ironically is mainly responsible for aggravating Macbeth's struggle between morality and ambition. She has a hugely diverse character, and this helps plant the seed of Macbeth's, and her own, eventual downfall. Lady Macbeth receives a letter from Macbeth at the beginning of the play, telling her of his experiences with the ?weird sisters'. ?They met me in the day of success: and I have learned by the perfect'st report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge.' (Act1 scene 5) After she has read the letter, she is determined to make the witches' prophesy come true. She imagines that she has the capability to be a remorseless and determined villain. However in reality this is just an act, and in fact her true self possesses no such traits. This is obvious when she makes a huge effort to get herself into a murderous state of mind, crying out, ?Come you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty!' Lady Macbeth wants to lose her femininity so she can be cold-blooded and commit murder like a man does. However, more than anything, it appears that Lady Macbeth is a very greedy woman, desirous of things that seem very much out of reach. She also prepares herself to work her husband into a murderous state of mind, as she believes him to be ?too full o' the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way.' Within the first act, she deems herself to be the more authoritative person in this couple. She believes that even if Macbeth is too scared or unwilling to kill the current king, Duncan, she can make him do it if she ?may pour her spirits in thine ear.' The domineering aspect of Lady Macbeth's character becomes even more evident when she is told Duncan is coming to stay with her and Macbeth that night because of the victory of the battle that day. When Macbeth arrives home, she advises him to put on an innocent face and leave the rest to her. ?look like th'innocent flower, But be the serpent under't.' (Act 1 scene 7) Lady Macbeth is very committed to carrying out the crime. King Duncan greets Lady Macbeth at the gates of Macbeth's castle, and in a display of hypocrisy, she gives a warm welcome to the man she is planning to murder. In Act 1 Scene 7, Macbeth recites a famous soliloquy, during which he reasons himself out of killing Duncan, and then tells Lady Macbeth by saying that they ?will proceed no further in this business.' She immediately labels her husband as cowardly as a method to get him to change his mind. She makes the example that it is unmanly to go back on promises which she claims Macbeth has made to kill King Duncan. She says if she were the mother of a baby, she would have the ?nipple pluck'd from his boneless gums And dashed the brains out' had she made a promise to do so. It seems her tactics have worked, as Macbeth is comforted by the fact that even his wife, a woman, is not disheartened by his fears. However, this quote already shows a glimpse

The Planning Exercise To Identify Some Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen Essays

The Planning Exercise To Identify Some Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen Essays The Planning Exercise To Identify Some Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen Essay The Planning Exercise To Identify Some Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen Essay In this practical I will try to identify some unknown organic compounds using chemical tests. The compounds tested are known to have three carbon atoms, six or eight hydrogen atoms, one or two oxygen atoms, and no atoms of any other elements. We also need to make sure that the compounds can only be alcohols, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids or esters. Six different compounds that follow the above criteria are used, and these are propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, propanal, propanone, propanoic acid, and methyl ethanoate. An aldehyde, propanal, can be identified by first a positive test with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, showing it is a carbonyl compound and nothing else, where the solution would turn yellow, then a positive test with Tollens Reagent, where a silver mirror would be formed, showing that the compound can be oxidise. A ketone, propanone, can be identified by first a positive test with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, showing it is a carbonyl compound and nothing else, where the solution would turn yellow, then a negative test with Tollens Reagent, where no reaction would occur, showing that the compound cannot be oxidised. A carboxylic acid, propanoic acid, can be tested with sodium carbonate, a base, and carbon dioxide would be released, showing that the compound is an acid. This is a valid proof of a carboxylic acid in this group of compounds, as propanoic acid is the only acid. A primary alcohol, propan-1-ol, can be identified by first a negative test with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, showing it is not a carbonyl compound, then a positive test with acidified potassium dichromate, where the solution turns green. The solution is distilled from the acidified potassium dichromate, and then is tested positively with universal indicator paper, which turns red, showing the presence of acid. A secondary alcohol, propan-2-ol, can be identified by first a negative test with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, showing it is not a carbonyl compound, then a positive test with acidified potassium dichromate, where the solution turns green. The solution is distilled from the acidified potassium dichromate, and then is tested negatively with universal indicator paper, which dont change colour, showing the absence of acid, and thus can only be a ketone, meaning the original compound is a secondary alcohol. An ester, methyl ethanoate, can be identified by first a negative test with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, showing it is not a carbonyl compound, then a negative test with acidified potassium dichromate, where the solution do not change colour, showing it can not be oxidised, as it can only be propanoic acid or methyl ethanoate, then a negative test with sodium carbonate in which no gas is produced, shows that it is methyl ethanoate. Apparatus 1 test tube rack, 7 test tubes, 1 pipette, 1 distilling column, 1 beaker, 1 small conical flask, 1 Bunsen burner, 6 unknown organic solutions, 1 safety spectacles, 1 heat proof mat, 1 gauze, 1 tripod, solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, universal indicator paper, solution of Tollens Reagent, solution of acidified potassium dichromate, solution of sodium carbonate. Method Do the following sequence of tests for all the unknown solutions: -Add 1cm3 of the unknown solution into a test tube, add 3 drops of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution, heat in boiling water bath, record the colour change. -Add 1cm3 of the unknown solution into a test tube, add 3 drops of Tollens Reagent, warm in hot water bath, observe the presence of silver mirror. -Add 20cm3 of the unknown solution into a small conical flask, add 1cm3 of acidified potassium dichromate into the solution, heat the solution for 5 minutes and observe the colour change. Distill the solution in the conical flask, and test the distilled solution with universal indicator paper. -Add 1cm3 of the unknown solution into a test tube, add 1cm3 of sodium carbonate into the solution, heat the test tube in a water bath, observe the presence of gas produced. Analysis of observations obtained Test Unknown organic compound 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine Tollens Reagent Potassium dichromate Sodium carbonate Solution turns yellow Silver mirror Solution turns green, makes universal indicator paper red No reaction Propanal Solution turns yellow No reaction No reaction No reaction Propanone No reaction No reaction No reaction Gas is produced Propanoic acid No reaction Silver mirror Solution turns green, makes universal indicator paper red No reaction Propan-1-ol No reaction Silver mirror Solution turns green, universal indicator paper turns green No reaction Propan-2-ol No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction Methyl ethanoate Safety precautions and risk assessments Some of the chemicals used are irritant if not corrosive, therefore safety spectacles must be worn at all time during the practical investigation. At no point of the experiment should the person be sitting down, this is because hot water and fire is being used, and being sated would make escape slower. As all of the organic compounds used are extremely flammable, do not let the compounds near naked flame, and be very careful during heating, must use a hot water bath as a medium for heating. Bibliography -Cambridge Advance Science Chemistry 2, p25 for the reactions for 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. -Heinemann Revise A2 Chemistry, p9 for the reactions for Tollens Reagent. -Heinemann Revise AS Chemistry, p56 for the reactions for alcohols.

Applications Of Holographic Memory Computer Science Essay

Applications Of Holographic Memory Computer Science Essay From the beginning generation of computer, speed of the processors has been increasing tremendously approximately twice the capacity for every 3 years. Today, we can access large amount of data with in few seconds using CPU and data storage. While the computer evolves many applications for large binary files like sound or image data for high capacity storage and data access. But, there is no high capacity form of data storage to handle these large files quickly and efficiently. So, Holographic memory is a hopeful technology in the next generation over conventional storage system because it is a three-dimensional data storage system that can store information at high density inside the crystal or photopolymer which has a capacity to Storage system, the data of entire page can be accessed at a time instead of sequential method and there are very few moving parts so the limitations of the mechanical motion can be minimized. To trace interference patterns it uses a photosensitive materi al of a reference beam and a signal beam of coherent light, while the signal beam is reflected off and an object or which contains information in the variety of light and dark areas. The natural history of the photosensitive material is to record the interference pattern which reproduce a beam of light to the material which matches to the reference beam. The resultant light that is transmitted through the medium will take on the recorded interference pattern and will be collected on a laser detector array that encompasses the entire surface of the holographic medium. Lots of holograms are recorded in the similar space by changing the wavelength of the incident light or angle. The whole page of data can be accessed in this way. Hence holographic storage system has the potential to became the next storage generation over conventional storage 2. Definition of Holographic Memory It is a storage device which records binary information into one of holograms, then produces (as interfering patterns) on photographic or photo chromic media by the way of laser beams, which can be read by low-power laser beams. It is a technique that can store information at high density inside the crystals or photopolymers. The main advantage of a hologram is that which has an image to be dispersed over the recording surface. So, there is no chance of dust or scratches that totally obscures information though they may deduce the contrast. There are many attempts done on many projects to apply this technology but none of them been commercially successful. 3. What is HVD? HVD known as Holographic Versatile Disc which is an optical technology still in the development stage which holds up to 4 terabyte of information. It has an technique called as collinear holography, which contains two lasers, first red laser and another is known as blue-green laser which collimated in a single beam. The second laser i.e. blue-green laser reads the data programmed as on laser interference outer reaches fro m a holographic layer near to the top of the disc where the reference beam uses the red laser and to study the information of servo from a usual CD-style aluminium layer close to the bottom.

Strategic Management Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management - Research Proposal Example The signing of new contracts and venturing into new partnerships is a way in which this can be achieved. However, there is the question of the transaction cost. That is to say, the cost incurred during the process of an exchange. Williamson’s transaction cost approach assumes that the transaction is the fundamental unit of analysis and through understanding its economization one is able to evaluate how their governing structures serve in their economization. In short, to understand a transaction, one must scrutinize the terms under which the transaction is taking place and ensure it is in the interest of the business. Asset specificity refers to the features of an asset that make it useful for single or multiple specific purposes and is the most important dimension (The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach – AcaWiki 4). Based on this, the more the specificity of an asset, the lower its chances for resale or redeployment. An example is workers trained to perform only a single task. Uncertainty basically is the state of an asset being unreliable to the goal. Uncertainty differs from risk in that risk can be measured through prior or situational probability while uncertainty is not measurable at all. Being a multidimensional aspect, it holds an important role in the decision making process of the stakeholders, thus must be taken into consideration before contracts are signed. Lastly the frequency is the repeated times in which a transaction will occur between specific or multiple parties. Also, one has to consider the frequency of disturbance in the market. This is to say, the adaptation of the market to the change that is brought about with the transaction. This has to be accounted for, such that it must be known if the transaction is a one time deal or will it will be repeated. Having considered all the above in the for the transaction

Reflective portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reflective portfolio - Essay Example Personally, I opted to volunteer with the National Society of clean Air (NSCA) organization. It is an organization that enhances the protection of environment, and advocates for clean air in the world. Its main objective is to see reduced pollution of land, air, water, noise and other harmful contaminants. In my entire time of volunteering, I was able to create a significant impact on various communities through the creation of awareness on the importance of keeping our environment healthy. Communities in which I served were able to understand the importance of vegetation cover and disposing of wastes in an environmentally friendly manner. The planet is contaminated and without any environmental efforts to return to its natural state then people will perish over time. Our environment is suffering from the impacts of global warming. There is a need to reduce the amount of green house gases emitted into the air through the adoption of cleaner production technologies and increasing on t he vegetation cover. Evaluating the contribution of volunteering in meeting the organization objective Support from volunteers and organization leadership are fundamental in the success of an organization (Warner et al 2011, p.391). Without the two, then successful movements in sentiment transformation in various levels such as political, personal or professional cannot thrive. In order for the continual culture of improvements environmentally, volunteers at the community level are an essential commodity. Volunteers are effective in providing adequate service and remarkably efficient in reducing the organization spending costs. They always offer their services free of charge (Levine & Agostino 2010, p.711). However, because of their increased numbers, organizations have not been able to accommodate them. Non-profit organizations such as National Society of clean Air have been able to utilize skilled volunteers in meeting the needs of the community and meet its goals and objectives. Volunteers in environmental organization have been at the forefront advocating for Natural resource management (Measham &Barnett 2008, p.538). They are tasked by the organization to pass information to the community on the importance of managing their resources effectively. This is through the development of brochures that have information on natural resource management and holding campaigns where communities are able to air their views. The interaction between the community and volunteers enable an organization to identify loopholes that exists and come up with strategies that can enable them fix the problem. Through volunteering, the volunteers have been able to acquire necessary skills that make them sell like hot cake in the job market. Some have become environmental activists. They advocate for policies that will enhance the improvement and point fingers at those organizations that are not operating in an environmental sound manner. The volunteers in the organization involve th emselves in activities such as botanical specimen collection to enhance their understanding of ecology. They also involve themselves in monitoring and evaluation programs. This develops their mind in criticizing where things are not right. Through the volunteers, the organization has been able to achieve its aim of protecting the environment and ensuring that the air individuals’ breath is clean. Through sensitization, the community and other stakeholders have

A Man for All Seasons :: Essays Papers

A Man for All Seasons Throughout the world of written literature there have been times when the author perceives the characters of their story in many different ways. For instance, at the beginning of a story a character could be portrait as a hero by the author. However, as the story unfolds and the story line develops, the character could suddenly be realized as being a villain. In the play written by Robert Bolt, A Man for All Seasons, the character Thomas More is just such of an example of a character that is perceived in different ways. When one reads the story, initially they would consider More as a wise and religious man, who wouldn’t even harm a fly. He was deeply respected for he was quite intelligent, in the aspect that he was a lawyer and knew the business of politics well. More was considered wise. He had his own ideas of things, and he seems to know what is best for everyone. However, it was his philosophies and his strong faith in the Church, the King, and in God that got him prosecuted. Thomas More would also be described as being a foolish old man. More was very kind, a little too kind. He would have given anything to anyone. As described by the steward, Matthew, â€Å"My master Thomas More would give anything to anyone. Some say that’s bad, but I say he can’t help it-and that’s bad†¦because some day someone’s going to ask him for something that he wants to keep; and he’ll be out of practice.† (Bolt, 17) Many would say that Thomas More was a fool because of his deep faith in the Church. He was scrutinized as being foolish due to the fact that he would rather die than give in to an oath, which even though against his beliefs could have saved his life. Most men, who might have been considered wiser, would have saved their own lives. Apparently, that was exactly what Norfolk did. He asked More once, â€Å"We’re suppose to be the arrogant ones, the proud, splenetic ones-and we all given in! Why must you stand out?

Comparing Plan Columbia and the Merida Initiative

The purpose of this paper will be to make a comparison between the Colombian drug cartels at the turn of the century with the mexican cartels today. The object of this comparison will be to determine the effectiveness of large scale millitary intervention against drug cartels. I will assess weather this comparison is not only justified but in any way usefull in understanding how fight a well funded well armed non-state enemy. This is a response to public comments by high ranking United States officials making this comparison (most notably secretary of state Hillary Clinton) while pledging a significant amount of American resources to such an effort. I will also attempt to answer all of the various questions that are begged by this nature of action. Most people do not realize the sheer lucrativeness of the drug trafficking business especially on an industrial scale. â€Å"The (Mexican) cartels have built a network of dealers in 231 U. S. cities from coast to coast, taking in about $39 billion in sales annually, according to the U.  S. Justice Department. † (*1) To put that into perspective, In 2009 Canada's total annual military expenditure was just over half (21 billion USD) of the total annual profit of the Mexican drug cartels in the United States. (*2) Comparing Columbia and Mexico The 1st thing that is obvious when making this comparison is the fact that Mexico is over twice the size of Columbia both in land mass and in population. In terms of governance Columbia was in a state of profound political instability from as early as the 1940's while Mexico enjoyed a relatively stable PRI government following he Mexican civil war. Geographically the two countries have nothing in common but their proximity to each other. Mexico is a largely flat terrain that poses no real problems to transportation and offers little in the way of cover. By Contrast Columbia has a large mountainous area covered in tropical forests, the majority of the drug production takes place is these remote areas. From a governmental standpoint, the Colombian government is largely decentralized compared to the federal structure in Mexico. Due to the federal government and the larger tax base the Mexican government has some extra capacity when it comes to overall resources available before assistance. As far as the method in which the governments of these two countries approach dealing with traffickers is quite diffrent, Mexico has up until very recently preferred to use it's police forces to deal with drug traffickers while Colombian governments have preferred to use their military as a police force, which is more common in most Latin American countries. The Mexican Cartels There are essentially two major Cartel groups within Mexico that fight each other for a large piece of the drug trade. The first is made up of the Tijuana cartel and the Gulf cartel make up the first major group and operates primarily out of North of East Mexico. A group known as â€Å"The Federation† is made up of of many smaller cartels and â€Å"is led by representatives of the Sinaloa, Juarez and Valencia cartels†. (*3 p. 4) members of this group as scattered all throughout the rest of Mexico. Even though these groups are concentrated in certain areas there isn't a place in Mexico that is off limits to any of these groups. All of these groups operate independently and it is not uncommon for alliances to be fickle between drug traffickers. None of the Mexican drug trafficking organizations are known to have any political allegiances or stated long term goal other then to make money and control as much turf as possible in order to achieve that end while minimizing the damage to the people of their own groups. The Mexican cartels were not always as violent as they are today, the fall of the PRI along with a strengthening of the Mexican police force is said to have resulted in the upswing in violence. Another contributing factor the recent escalation in violence is that since the fall of Major Columbian cartels (replaced mostly by smaller scale operations) Mexico and it's drug trade began to have to fill the void that was left in the US market for a period of time, greatly strengthening their financial base and ability to purchase weapons and to employ a larger number of foot soldiers from poor communities (usually with family ties to promote increased loyalty to said group and a deeper anchor within the local community). Florida was actually the main entry point for drugs during the early 80's but the strengthening of the American navy and coastguard geared towards stopping smuggling led to Mexico becoming the transit point it is today. It is most important that though Mexican troops have been used largely due to the ineffective and corruption of the police department I would not classify it as a war. The army is simply there to do carry out the actions of a police force because he regular police for cannot be trusted. There is no way for either side to declare a complete victory. It is my opinion that even if every drug trafficker in Mexico dropped dead this morning there would be a new group forming to take it's place by nightfall and it wouldn't take them long to gain momentum capital and weapons. Likewise a drug gang can never truly triumph against the state without any political agenda. The majority of the murders are between rival gangs, though there have been many police officers and politicians killed the battle is essentially between the cartel groups and each other not with the state. The increased military strength is simply a self defence response. I would argue that if the Mexican cartels were 1 hegemonic group you would probably see at least a 10 fold drop in violent crime. Columbia at the hight of the culumbian drug trade You cant tell the story of the Columbia drug trade without talking about Pablo Escobar. In 1989 Forbes magazine estimated that was the 7th richest man the world with personal assets estimated at over 25 Billion dollars. This however is not what made him a unique, he was known as an extremely charitable man by many of the poor people in Columbia giving them land, housing, employment and even building football fields, building a lot of good will among the people something that you find little evidence of on the side of the Mexican cartels. The Medellin cartel he was a part of is thought to have controlled about 80% of the cocaine market in the early 1990's and was the most prominent of the Colombian cartels at the turn of the century. This cartel was rivalled by the Cali cartel who emerged largely due to weakening of their rivals the Medellin cartel. The biggest difference between Columbia at the turn of the century and the situation in Mexico today is the existence of the various guerrilla groups that existed in Columbia, many of which are still in existence. The lines are often blurred between these guerrilla groups and the drug traffickers themselves. The standard arrangement between these guerrillas and drug traffickers was essentially protection of traffickers' production and processing areas in exchange for a handsome percentage of the profits. The profitability on investment on cocaine grown in Columbia being about 200$ for every 1$ invested, there was more then enough capital to go around. The wars between these various guerrilla groups enveloped Columbia in a civil war since eginning in the 1960's, this was far before Columbia drug trafficking organizations began to collaborate with the leftist guerrillas. By comparison Mexican cartels have no real political allegiances, their allegiance is to the dollar and the dollar alone. The fact that the terrain in Columbia is so difficult and access to remote areas is much more easy to control, these various groups are able to hold territory much more effectively then the Drug Cartels in Me xico. The aspect of some of these guerrilla groups that really begins to attract the United State's attention for obvious reasons is their leftist/socialist ideology. The oldest and most notable of these groups is FARC or â€Å"The revolutionary armed forces of Columbia†. This group has been fighting the Colombian national army as well as â€Å"right wing paramilitaries†. At first glance the conflict between these two groups seems to be one for control over the Colombian drug trade and various areas of Columbia where drugs are produced. A closer look reveals a much more sinister reality. There are a number of noticeable irregularities in the accounts of the violence. Over the course of my reasearch I kept hearing certain terms to describe the columbian drug war that you dont hear when you read on the mexican drug war. Many mentions of human rights abuses as well as massacres with large numbers of innocent people being killed, you hear of much violence in mexico but are always termed â€Å"drug related murders† implying that those killed were afiliated in organized crime. When you take a closer look at the ‘right wing guerrillas', first of all it's just about imposible to find a video of any of their leaders with any kind of mission statement or anything of the sort, second you cannot find any documentation anywhere of any known ally. Now, you tell me how does a heavily armed paramilitary group, even with drug money, take part in over 30 years of civil war including alleged armed conflict against the US millitary, without any support from any government or even any other criminal organization? If everything where as it appears at 1st glance it results in a paradox, how does major international drug trafficking organization not even have ONE known ally/accomplice? It just doesn't make any sense purely on a business level. If you look up any of the Mexican cartels as well as FARC you can find known allies. Additionally, why is there a right wing guerrilla group for decades with a right wing government in power? Finally, Why is one side of the guerrillas (FARC) involved in negotiations with the Colombian government and not the other? Even if they were to sign a peace treaty they would still be at war. The conclusion that asking these questions leads you to is that the Paramilitary groups were actually an unofficial extension of the Colombian armed forces that traces it's roots back it's formation during the cold war where they were trained by US army officers in ‘tactics of counterinsurgency' at the School of the Americas, these tactics are said to specifically target the civilian population without the support of which the guerrillas cannot continue to function. This groups true purpose is to combat communist guerrillas by what ever means necessary. Statistics show that these right wing paramilitaries are responsible for 80's of the ‘political killings' in Colombia, which upon closer examination seem more like like acts of widespread political repression of the Colombian people spanning almost a half a century and crossing the line of human rights abuse with regularity virtually without any opposition from anyone internationally, opposed only domestically by FARC. Accounts from former Colombian army officers allege that the national Colombian armed forces maintained contact regularly with right wing paramilitary groups and directed them to many of the areas where they are accused of committing human rights atrocities. (*9) It has been alleged that the right wing paramilitaries acting in concert with the Colombian national army tried to remove the rural population from certain areas altogether forcing them to become urban refuges and further isolating the FARC forces. In 2005 Columbia had the 3rd largest internal refuge population in the world. Not only that but the paramilitaries are responsible for just as much if not more of the Colombian drug trade then FARC making ‘Plan Columbia' truely appear to be a futile action according to it's officially stated goals. Assessment of â€Å"Plan Columbia† 1998-2010 (lessons learned) Assessing the success of plan Columbia really depends on what you consider to be a success. If you consider the primary objective of the operation to be to simply return control of certain areas of Columbia back to the Colombian government then it would be considered a success. However, if the primary objective was to irradiate the drug trade recent statistics show that though production of cocaine in Columbia did take a severe hit in the early 2000's it has been on the Rise again since 2006. What this confirms is that the drug trade there has not ceased but in fact evolved to meet the challenges of a changed environment. Drug trafficking organizations today are still operating but simply doing it in a more discrete manner their predecessors. Another example of the evolution that ‘Plan Columbia' sparked is the guerrillas branching out to other sympathetic paramilitaries and paramilitary terrorist groups. Members of FARC have reportedly instituted the help of various allies IRA including the since the increased military pressure. An article in British newspaper The Telegraph (*8) highlights how the increased military presence in the countryside as well as an increase in the Colombian urban population has forced FARC forces to urbanize the way in which they conduct warfare. The article highlights significant advancements made by FARC in both explosives as well as counter intelligence and urban warfare. FARC is currently considered the most well armed well trained and well funded guerrilla group in the world. The destruction of crops which was on paper, the primary objective of ‘Plan Columbia' is something that is very temporary, unless you were to actually salt the earth there is nothing to prevent anybody from planting a new crop in the same place. The united states has increased the amount of toxic defoliant that is spays on Colombia and it's citizens every year of ‘Plan Columbia'. Many have made the comparison to agent orange in Vietnam. Many health problems have already been reported with relationship to the defoliant chemical and there are concerns that this chemical is starting to poison some the amazon basin and subsequently effecting other Latin American countries to the south. This defoliant kills all crops including the ones, many of the poorest peasants who grow bananas simply for subsistence have their whole crops destroyed on a regular basis. Some have raised the issue that perhaps this alone constitutes a grave human rights violation. A foreign power spraying toxic chemicals on the population of another is something that is unheard of in the past. The most inditing fact to the type of military action undertaken is most obviously that it has been a commitment that the United States has not been able pull back on after over 6 years no decrease in spending in this area is expected. Not only that but now that the Colombian drug traffickers have evolved we're seeing a resurgence in drug activity in the country. No matter how you look at it ‘Plan Colombia' was almost a complete failure, Colombian left wing guerrillas persist, drug use in the US has never been higher, cocaine production in Columbia is increasing. The only ay in which this operation is a success is that the overall violence seems to have died down and that in the paramilitary groups, which the US created in the 1st place have been disbanded and are no longer committing horrendous atrocities against innocent people for the sole purpose of turning public opinion against FARC. It might be viewed in that instance as a success, I was about half way into my research before I heard/read anything to do with FARC's side of the story. Venezuela, Ecuador and Cuba are the only counties to formally voice support for FARC. (*10) Evaluating the Merida Innitiative One the important things to know about the Merida initiative is that the entirety of the money (400 million to start) approved by the US congress all went to American companies, to train police, to build helicopters, not one dollar of the funding of this operation ends up in non-American hands. It is expected, as was the care with ‘Plan Columbia' that the United states will exclusively employ private American defence contractors to do all the work on the ground. The reason for this is not strong enough to justify the use and possible loss of American soldiers. Also use of American soldiers to fight an urban drug war such as the one in Mexico and might cause a PR nightmare if US Soldiers are viewed as firing on Mexican population, which the drug members of the cartels can hide in plain sight, unlike the Colombian guerrillas they are not in uniform. My investigation into ‘Plan Colombia' led me to the conclusion that the comparison made by the US secretary of defence between Colombia at the turn of the century and the Mexican drug war today to be a very poor and unjustified one. As previously stated I contend that the situation in Colombia was actually a war where as the Mexican situation is simply a police ineffectiveness issue. While the comparison between the who conflicts themselves is unjustified both ‘Plan Columbia' and ‘The Merida initiative' officially have a primary goal to reduce the outflow of drugs into the united states and can still be compared in that instance. The comparison is one that mostly highlights the extreme ineffectiveness not only in terms of result but in terms of cost of this kind of policy. It essentially doesn't solve any of the problems of drug trafficking. The demand in the US for drugs is the real source of this problem. Persistent Problems (police, penal system,banking) A continuing problem that has been acknowledged but not dealt with in any meaningful way in the fact that poor farmers who have been driven into poverty by the international agricultural business (and it's dominance by the west) have no better feasible options then to grow the plants that are converted into drugs. In ‘Plan Columbia' the Colombian government instituted a program to offer coca growers money to grow alternative crops, offering them a sum in the range of 2 million pesos a year (about 950$). *7) Many coca farmers argue is not enough to live. When growing coca (rather then crops such as plantains and Pineapples) not only is the crop worth more but the drug traffickers come right to their doors to pick up the ‘coca paste' they convert the plants to. When growing the crops they are being encouraged to grow they have to transport these tons of produce on â€Å"vehicles they don't have, on roads that don't exist to sell to markets both internal and external† that they don't have access to and to compete with an international aggro business . † (*7- 5:51) It' simply not a sound development plan. less then 20% of the Plan Columbia budget is allocated towards this end) instead the budget is spent on air fumigation spaying defoliant on coca cultures. Secondly the way that the penal system is set up just about everywhere in the world makes the incarceration of major drug lords almost completely futile, they still maintain control over their organization and administer it from prison. The leaders of the Tijuana and Gulf cartels made the agreement to unite while they were both in prison (*3 p. 4), consolidating their power against the rest of the cartels in the â€Å"The Federation†. There is also a persistent (though easilly remedied) problem that the Mexican prisons themselves are not able keep powerful people in there. In the last year alone over 250 prison inmates have been broken out of prison by cartels, most recently 191 were released from from a prison in Tamaulipas by the Los Zetas cartel. This creates even more problems on other fronts, it makes it alot harder to extract information from prisoners then it is in the united states. If an inmate believes it's only a matter of time before he gets out he has no reasons to co-operate in any way, no real threat to guard against. Finally, probably the most important continuing problem is money laundering, this allows for drug operations to run smoothly by giving it a seemingly legitimate flow of cash to use for Bribes, buying up legitimate real estate and other things. Without being able to access the real money of drug kingpins makes it hard to do them any real damage that wont easily be recovered from in a very short time. Many large US banks are complicit in this activity and it is a massive source of capital for them. An article from the Bloomberg press highlights the involvment of American banks such as Wachovia Corp. Bank of America and Wells Fargo's direct complicity in money laundering operations for the mexican cartels. â€Å"Wachovia admitted it didn’t do enough to spot illicit funds in handling 378. 4 billion for Mexican-currency-exchange houses from 2004 to 2007. † (*1) To say they didn't â€Å"do enough to spot† 378 billion dollars entering their bank is laughable. There have reportedly been some efforts to pass more stringent anti-money laundering laws which have met some oppostion from the banking lobby for obvious reasons. The police force continues to be a significant problem, all the training in the world still isn't going to stop corruption, even if a relative victory is acheived and the army pulls out it would seem to me only to be a matter of time before things return to their previous state. Possible solutions In order to fix the problems associated with prisons I think a simple solution would be to transfer people associated to drug cartels to offshore or even just send them to the other side of the world somewhere a pay country X to keep them in isolation. Reducing their ability to communicate is key. Something that I think the world may sooner or later move towards provided the proper technology be available is to curb the drug trade is simply an irradiation of hand held currency. Cash is what funds all of these organizations. This is why they have to launder drug money, it's dirty, you cant buy jet planes and like with cash. If you eliminate cash, how can anyone buy drugs illegally? You cant have a large elligal operation which risks lives dailey if people can only barter for your drugs and every legitimate product is purchased through some form of debit entirely controlled by the government. In conclusion I beleive that the Merida innitiative will probably succeed to a small degree in curbing violence but not the drug trade itself. I think it will be a costly (perhaps everlasting) failure as long as people are beating a dead horse with tactics that are proven not work. The more troubling aspect of this whole research paper for me is the notion that gets brought up by several in various documentaries I watched in doing research of the American government attempted to make security policy which violates many individual freedoms with respect to terrorism all encompassing. If you can keep enforcing the notion that the drug is on the same wavelength as terrorism it gives you the right to treat all people involved in drugs (about 80% of Americans at least once in a lifetime) as people involved in terrorism and produce a progressive erosion of civil liberties which some already believe has gone to far with legislation such as The Patriot Act. Operations in mexico and Colombia set a precedent for the United States intervening (without request in the case of mexico) in domestic affairs of it's neighbours using military force. I would also argue that much of this action could be perceived as just another extension of the US military industrial complex in action. References http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/banks-financing-mexico-s-drug-cartels-admitted-in-wells-fargo-s-u-s-deal.html http://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/reports/docs/Canadian%20Military%20Spending%202009.pdf http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34215.pdf http://blogs.mcclatchydc.com/mexico/2010/12/jail-breaks-and-cartel-manpower-woes.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559348/IRA-training-haunts-Colombias-guerrilla-war.html http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB166/index.htm

Women From The Old Testament - 1825 Words

Larissa Franklin December 9, 2014 Old Testament Women From the Old Testament The Old Testament shows many examples of the roles of women throughout the course of time. Throughout the Old Testament women rights and roles have changed dramatically from the time of Eve when she appeared to of had her rights stolen, to the time Ruth used her rights to marry a kin after being a widow, and the time of Bathsheba when she was instructed to do so instead of being asked. Their rights throughout the Old Testament have not been set at a constant in fact their rights through the Old Testament vary depending on what your status was. Comparing the roles of Eve, Ruth, and Bathsheba is considerably difficult because they are extremely different†¦show more content†¦During the story Eve was persuaded by a serpent to eat the fruit for the tree in which God told them not to eat from. Eve then persuaded Adam to do the same deed. When they told God their sins, God was mad that Eve spoke of the behalf of the both of them (Genesis 3:17). They were both ordered to leave the garden, but the punishments He gave Eve put her on a lower pedestal than her husband. By increasing pregnancy pains bringing forth children and her desires will be to please her husband by allowing him to rule over her said that God did not condone men and women as equals (Genesis 3:16). God said Eve was to be a â€Å"helper† which by definition means sustainer, supervisor, or babysitter; not a slave for men (Createspace, 2014). David spotted Bathsheba while on his roof and ordered his men to go and find her and bring her to him. Bathsheba was married at the time to one of David’s friends, Uriah. David assigned Uriah to the front line of combat, which was where the men were most likely to die during war. Uriah is pronounced dead, Bathsheba mourned over the death. After Bathsheba’s time for mourning David invited her over and asked to marry her. They married and soon after she declared that she was pregnant with his child. She named their son Solomon (Createspace, 2014). During this story, Bathsheba was ordered or instructed to do so. She never really had a say. However in 1 Kings 1:1 Bathsheba is the opposite of a victim. She was said to